Knowledge Based Systems

What is a intimacy-based system? A system which is built around a association base. i. e. a collection of knowledge, taken from a human, and stored in such(prenominal) a way that the system contribute reason with it. Example System What is the patients name? User George Smith System What is the patients succession? User 52 years System Is the patient male or female? User Male System What are the symptoms? User Headache lightheadedness upset stomach high fever System When did these symptoms first appear? User 23/03/2002System I conclude that the patient has a viral infection , my recommendation is that he should take two aspirin, drink plenty of fluid, get lots of rest. What is knowledge? Knowledge is the sort of information that people use to function problems. Knowledge includes facts, concepts, procedures, models, heuristics, etc. Knowledge may be * specific or general * exact or fuzzy * procedural or declarative What is an adroit system? * A particular kind of knowledge- based system * One in which the knowledge, stored in the knowledge base, has been taken from an proficient in some particular field.Therefore, an technical system can, to a certain extent, act as a substitute for the expert from whom the knowledge was taken. What is Artificial Intelligence? Artificial Intelligence (AI) is interested with exploring such aspects of human (and other animal) mental activity as * understanding * creativity * Perception * problem-solving * consciousness * using language * Intelligence by simulating them using computers. It is on that pointfore closely connected with such social sciences as * psychology * linguistics * philosophy Applied Artificial IntelligenceWhat is applied AI? Applied AI is concerned with producing computer software which is intelligent It is intelligent in that it is based on what we know about human reasoning and other mental abilities We are in that respectfore lecture about a branch of advanced computing computer technology rather than social science Knowledge applied science The term knowledge engineering is often used to mean the process of designing, building and installing an expert system or other knowledge-based system. Some authors use the term to mean practiced the knowledge acquisition phase. ExpertsAn expert is an experienced practitioner in his/her particular field. More than that, he/she is a highly effective problem-solver and decision-taker in that field. Experts have trio qualities * They make good decisions * They make those decisions quickly * They are able to cope with a wide range of problems. Experts and expert systems Note that The task that an expert system performs will generally be regarded as difficult. An expert system almost always operates in a rather narrow field of knowledge. The field of knowledge is called the knowledge domain of the system.There are many fields where expert systems can usefully be built. There are also many fields where they cant. Note also that an expert can usually explain and justify his/her decisions. Reasons for building an E. S. One might build an expert system for any or all of the followers reasons * To archive an experts knowledge, to insure against the day when he/she leaves, or retires, or dies. * To disseminate his/her knowledge, so that it is available in more(prenominal) (possibly many more) places than the emplacement of the expert. * To ensure uniformity of advice/decisions. As a basis for training other specialists. Advantages of expert systems E. S. have the following advantages over human experts * The knowledge is permanent * The knowledge is easily replicated * The knowledge is represented explicitly, and can be evaluated * The system is consistent whereas human practitioners have bad days, computers dont. * Once built, course costs are low Disadvantages of expert systems a) Developing an expert system usually costs a great deal of time & money b) Historically, there has been a high failure rate in E. S. projects * The project may well fail during nurture most likely during the knowledge acquisition phase. * The development may succeed, but the organisation may fail to accept and use the finished system. c) A human expert can update his/her knowledge in the light of * Common sense * Knowledge derived from other domain * Contacts with other experts. An expert system cant. Choosing an E. S. project a) Because of cost, and the danger of failure, it is important that E. S. projects are conservatively chosen. ) The expense must be justified, in the light of the possible benefits. c) E. S. technology must be appropriate a. the right kind of expertise is involved b. nonplus sure it isnt a problem which conventional programming could do better. d) Management, and the participants, must support the project fully. Possible expert systems case histories For discussion The following seven problem areas may, or may not, be suitable for computerisation as expert systems. * A certain third world country has a pear-shaped population, very few trained doctors, and insufficient resources to train many more.It is proposed to provide paramedics, who can be trained relatively cheaply and easily, with medical kits and portable PCs, to each one PC to be loaded with an expert system that can advise on the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of common diseases. * The housing subdivision in a provincial English town is overworked, although the staff turnover is quite low. Much of the work the staff do involves interviewing clients, and there is a wrap up pattern of questioning (which varies to a limited degree, depending on the circumstances of the client). It is proposed to build an expert system, which will direct the questioning process. A firm of wine importers relies firmly on its chief wine expert, who is skilled at selecting wines that are destined to be popular, on the basis of their taste, colour, scent etc. She is soon to retire. It is proposed to build an exper t system that will enable any of several junior wine specialists to do her job. * An education authority has a severe terseage of primary shoal teachers. It is proposed that an expert system should be built which can do the job of teaching English and arithmetic to five year old children. * A software company proposes to build an expert system which can perform book-keeping for small commercial concerns. A large manufacturer of diesel electric locomotives has problems in providing exuberant maintenance personnel who are sufficiently skilled to locate faults in these (highly complex) locomotives. They propose to build an expert system which can perform fault location on such a machine. * A mineral exploitation company wishes to extend its operations, which involve searching for hitherto undiscovered deposits of valuable metal ores. It is short of trained geologists. It proposes to build an expert system which can assess a geological site and come to a conclusion about how likely i t is that there is a worthwhile mineral deposit there.